Integrand size = 12, antiderivative size = 112 \[ \int \frac {1}{3+4 x^3+x^6} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {1-2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{3}-2 x}{3^{5/6}}\right )}{6 \sqrt [6]{3}}+\frac {1}{6} \log (1+x)-\frac {\log \left (\sqrt [3]{3}+x\right )}{6\ 3^{2/3}}-\frac {1}{12} \log \left (1-x+x^2\right )+\frac {\log \left (3^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{3} x+x^2\right )}{12\ 3^{2/3}} \]
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Time = 0.05 (sec) , antiderivative size = 112, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 13, number of rules used = 8, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.667, Rules used = {1361, 206, 31, 648, 632, 210, 642, 631} \[ \int \frac {1}{3+4 x^3+x^6} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {1-2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{3}-2 x}{3^{5/6}}\right )}{6 \sqrt [6]{3}}-\frac {1}{12} \log \left (x^2-x+1\right )+\frac {\log \left (x^2-\sqrt [3]{3} x+3^{2/3}\right )}{12\ 3^{2/3}}+\frac {1}{6} \log (x+1)-\frac {\log \left (x+\sqrt [3]{3}\right )}{6\ 3^{2/3}} \]
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Rule 31
Rule 206
Rule 210
Rule 631
Rule 632
Rule 642
Rule 648
Rule 1361
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{1+x^3} \, dx-\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{3+x^3} \, dx \\ & = \frac {1}{6} \int \frac {1}{1+x} \, dx+\frac {1}{6} \int \frac {2-x}{1-x+x^2} \, dx-\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt [3]{3}+x} \, dx}{6\ 3^{2/3}}-\frac {\int \frac {2 \sqrt [3]{3}-x}{3^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{3} x+x^2} \, dx}{6\ 3^{2/3}} \\ & = \frac {1}{6} \log (1+x)-\frac {\log \left (\sqrt [3]{3}+x\right )}{6\ 3^{2/3}}-\frac {1}{12} \int \frac {-1+2 x}{1-x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1}{1-x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {\int \frac {-\sqrt [3]{3}+2 x}{3^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{3} x+x^2} \, dx}{12\ 3^{2/3}}-\frac {\int \frac {1}{3^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{3} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt [3]{3}} \\ & = \frac {1}{6} \log (1+x)-\frac {\log \left (\sqrt [3]{3}+x\right )}{6\ 3^{2/3}}-\frac {1}{12} \log \left (1-x+x^2\right )+\frac {\log \left (3^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{3} x+x^2\right )}{12\ 3^{2/3}}-\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,-1+2 x\right )-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,1-\frac {2 x}{\sqrt [3]{3}}\right )}{2\ 3^{2/3}} \\ & = -\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1-2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{3}-2 x}{3^{5/6}}\right )}{6 \sqrt [6]{3}}+\frac {1}{6} \log (1+x)-\frac {\log \left (\sqrt [3]{3}+x\right )}{6\ 3^{2/3}}-\frac {1}{12} \log \left (1-x+x^2\right )+\frac {\log \left (3^{2/3}-\sqrt [3]{3} x+x^2\right )}{12\ 3^{2/3}} \\ \end{align*}
Time = 0.02 (sec) , antiderivative size = 107, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.96 \[ \int \frac {1}{3+4 x^3+x^6} \, dx=\frac {1}{36} \left (2\ 3^{5/6} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [3]{3}-2 x}{3^{5/6}}\right )+6 \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {-1+2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )+6 \log (1+x)-2 \sqrt [3]{3} \log \left (3+3^{2/3} x\right )-3 \log \left (1-x+x^2\right )+\sqrt [3]{3} \log \left (3-3^{2/3} x+\sqrt [3]{3} x^2\right )\right ) \]
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Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 0.06 (sec) , antiderivative size = 58, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.52
method | result | size |
risch | \(\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (9 \textit {\_Z}^{3}+1\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (x -3 \textit {\_R} \right )\right )}{6}-\frac {\ln \left (4 x^{2}-4 x +4\right )}{12}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\left (2 x -1\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right )}{6}+\frac {\ln \left (x +1\right )}{6}\) | \(58\) |
default | \(\frac {\ln \left (x +1\right )}{6}-\frac {3^{\frac {1}{3}} \ln \left (3^{\frac {1}{3}}+x \right )}{18}+\frac {3^{\frac {1}{3}} \ln \left (3^{\frac {2}{3}}-3^{\frac {1}{3}} x +x^{2}\right )}{36}-\frac {3^{\frac {5}{6}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \left (\frac {2 \,3^{\frac {2}{3}} x}{3}-1\right )}{3}\right )}{18}-\frac {\ln \left (x^{2}-x +1\right )}{12}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\left (2 x -1\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right )}{6}\) | \(84\) |
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Time = 0.25 (sec) , antiderivative size = 124, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.11 \[ \int \frac {1}{3+4 x^3+x^6} \, dx=\frac {1}{18} \cdot 9^{\frac {1}{6}} \sqrt {3} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{27} \cdot 9^{\frac {1}{6}} {\left (2 \cdot 9^{\frac {2}{3}} \sqrt {3} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} x - 3 \cdot 9^{\frac {1}{3}} \sqrt {3}\right )}\right ) - \frac {1}{108} \cdot 9^{\frac {2}{3}} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} \log \left (9^{\frac {2}{3}} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} x + 3 \, x^{2} + 3 \cdot 9^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right ) + \frac {1}{54} \cdot 9^{\frac {2}{3}} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} \log \left (-9^{\frac {2}{3}} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}} + 3 \, x\right ) + \frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x - 1\right )}\right ) - \frac {1}{12} \, \log \left (x^{2} - x + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{6} \, \log \left (x + 1\right ) \]
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 1.15 (sec) , antiderivative size = 124, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.11 \[ \int \frac {1}{3+4 x^3+x^6} \, dx=\frac {\log {\left (x + 1 \right )}}{6} + \left (- \frac {1}{12} + \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{12}\right ) \log {\left (x + \frac {13}{10} - \frac {13 \sqrt {3} i}{10} + \frac {23328 \left (- \frac {1}{12} + \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{12}\right )^{4}}{5} \right )} + \left (- \frac {1}{12} - \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{12}\right ) \log {\left (x + \frac {13}{10} + \frac {23328 \left (- \frac {1}{12} - \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{12}\right )^{4}}{5} + \frac {13 \sqrt {3} i}{10} \right )} + \operatorname {RootSum} {\left (1944 t^{3} + 1, \left ( t \mapsto t \log {\left (\frac {23328 t^{4}}{5} - \frac {78 t}{5} + x \right )} \right )\right )} \]
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Time = 0.31 (sec) , antiderivative size = 84, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.75 \[ \int \frac {1}{3+4 x^3+x^6} \, dx=-\frac {1}{18} \cdot 3^{\frac {5}{6}} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \cdot 3^{\frac {1}{6}} {\left (2 \, x - 3^{\frac {1}{3}}\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x - 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{36} \cdot 3^{\frac {1}{3}} \log \left (x^{2} - 3^{\frac {1}{3}} x + 3^{\frac {2}{3}}\right ) - \frac {1}{18} \cdot 3^{\frac {1}{3}} \log \left (x + 3^{\frac {1}{3}}\right ) - \frac {1}{12} \, \log \left (x^{2} - x + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{6} \, \log \left (x + 1\right ) \]
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Time = 0.38 (sec) , antiderivative size = 86, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.77 \[ \int \frac {1}{3+4 x^3+x^6} \, dx=-\frac {1}{18} \cdot 3^{\frac {5}{6}} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \cdot 3^{\frac {1}{6}} {\left (2 \, x - 3^{\frac {1}{3}}\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x - 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{36} \cdot 3^{\frac {1}{3}} \log \left (x^{2} - 3^{\frac {1}{3}} x + 3^{\frac {2}{3}}\right ) - \frac {1}{18} \cdot 3^{\frac {1}{3}} \log \left ({\left | x + 3^{\frac {1}{3}} \right |}\right ) - \frac {1}{12} \, \log \left (x^{2} - x + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{6} \, \log \left ({\left | x + 1 \right |}\right ) \]
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Time = 0.13 (sec) , antiderivative size = 110, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.98 \[ \int \frac {1}{3+4 x^3+x^6} \, dx=\frac {\ln \left (x+1\right )}{6}-\frac {3^{1/3}\,\ln \left (x+3^{1/3}\right )}{18}-\ln \left (x-\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{12}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right )+\ln \left (x-\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{12}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right )+\frac {{\left (-1\right )}^{1/3}\,3^{1/3}\,\ln \left (x-{\left (-1\right )}^{1/3}\,3^{1/3}\right )}{18}-\frac {{\left (-1\right )}^{1/3}\,\ln \left (x+\frac {{\left (-1\right )}^{1/3}\,3^{1/3}}{2}+\frac {{\left (-1\right )}^{1/3}\,3^{5/6}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )\,\left (3^{1/3}+3^{5/6}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{36} \]
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